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Summary из главы Why kids lie (подчеркну, что в книге все понятнее и интереснее) 
Why Kids Lie
- In controlled laboratory tests, people cannot tell when children are lying
- Police officers often score worse than chance (45%)
- The only people who score better are teachers (60%)
- The same tests reveal consistent biases
- People believe that girls tell the truth more often, when they lie as often as boys
- They believe introverts are less trustworthy, even though introverts are less likely to lie (because they lack the social skills to pull it off)
- In another experiment, children were presented with an opportunity to cheat to win a game
- 33% of 3-year-olds cheated, and when asked if they cheated, most admitted it
- 80% of 4-year-olds cheated, and 80% denied cheating when asked
- Children with older siblings seem to learn how to lie earlier
- The children who are best at knowing the difference between truth and lies are the most likely to lie
- In home observation studies, 4-year-olds will lie every 2 hours, 6-year-olds will like once an hour. 96% of children observed lied during the observation period.
- Most lies to parents are part of a cover-up, and parents see through them, but less than 1% of the parents punished the cover-up. So children learn that lying doesn't have a cost.
- Children and adults view lying differently
- Children are more disapproving--they are more likely to think that a liar is a bad person, and that lying is morally wrong
- Children don't consider intent. Any false statement--regardless of intent or belief--is a lie.
- E.g. Dad promises son he'll take him to the baseball game on Saturday. When they get home, Mom reminds them that he has a swim lesson that afternoon, so he can't go. A child will consider the Dad a liar, and when he is not punished for it, concludes that lying is okay.
- Kids associate lying with punishment
- 38% of 5-year-olds think that profanity is a lie
- Researchers found that kids who are threatened with punishment for lying become better liars at an earlier age, and learn to get caught less often
- Lying is a sign of intelligence--it takes skill to lie
- Children who are better liars do better on other tests of academic prowess
- If a researcher makes the child promise to tell the truth, lying declines 25%
- Hearing the story about George Washington and the cherry tree (суть истории в том, что маленького Вашингтона отец похвалил за то, что мальчик признался в своей лжи) cut down lying 50% in girls and 75% in boys
- Meanwhile, hearing "The Boy Who Cried Wolf" actually increased lying
- The key is that George Washington receives immunity from punishment AND is praised for telling the truth
- Parents need to teach kids the value of honesty; kids already know lying is wrong, so reinforcing that message doesn't work.
- Parents encourage lying in the name of politeness
- When researchers presented kids with a bar of soap as a reward for test performance, parents approved of their kids lying to be polite (presumably instead of saying, "Soap? WTF?")
- Children learn that honest creates conflict, and that dishonesty is an easy way to avoid conflict
- Tattling (ябедничество)
- 90% of the time, the tattler is telling the truth
- Children only tattle 7% of the time when they're wronged
- Yet Parents are 10X as likely to chastise a child for tattling as they are for lying.
